The Kony 2012 Controversy

Introduction The film â€Å"Kony 2012†, a 28-minute film by the ‘Invisible Children’ was created to promote the movement ‘Stop Kony’ with an aim of creating awareness of the plight of children in Northern Uganda, southern Sudan and Central Africa (Pallota 1). This is the region where the African fugitive Joseph Kony and his militia have been operating and executing inhuman activities against children and women (Curtis 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Kony 2012 Controversy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The non-government organization ‘Invisible Children’ seeks to make Kony, who is also wanted at the International Criminal Court, globally known in order to facilitate his due arrests and trial (Pallota 1). Although it was short, the film went viral, becoming one of the most viewed videos on YouTube by the end of the year 2012. However, the film and the campaign in general have attracted criticism and controversy that is still a topic of debate. The film attempts to attract the world attention to view the inability of the leaders in the western world as being the major factor that has resulted in the inability to stop Kony and his militia in the region. Although it is a short clip, the film has made remarkable steps towards ending Kony’s evils in central Africa (Pallota 1). However, it is worth arguing that the film is misguided because it attempts to prove right that the political leadership in America and other nations in the western world have failed to contain Kony and his militia rather than accusing African leaders and the African union of failure to contain such a small militia. The film and the controversy: Why should it focus on USA? The Invisible Children’s campaign was successful, especially after it reached the United States Senate, finally contributing a lot to president Obama’s decision to send American t roops to work with African union troops in hunt of Kony and his Lord’s Resistance Army in this region of Africa (Pallota 1). However, the film has created a major controversy due to its slick Hollywood values of production and its funding. For instance, critics have argued that the Invisible Children and its campaign â€Å"Stop Kony† believes that political leadership in America has the largest responsibility to contain Joseph Kony and his gang from extending their inhuman actions in the region (Curtis 1). The film tends to make the audience believe that the failure by the united states and other nations in the western world have either ignored the plight of children and women in Africa or are not willing to be involved in protecting the rights of children in Africa (Pallota 1). There is a controversy over the film’s intention to attack the United States in particular by making the viewers believe that America has what it takes to contain such a small rebellion, yet its leaders have taken a little time to think about the plight of children in the region (Curtis 1). The question here is â€Å"why not criticize the government of Uganda?†Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is worth noting that the Lord’s Resistance Army, the rebel movement led by Joseph Kony, was founded in northern and eastern parts of Uganda sometimes in late 1980s (Atkinson, Lancaster, Cakaj and Lacaille 372). The initial claim was that successful Ugandan regimes had been alienating, mistreating some communities in the Northern parts of the country both socio-politically, and economically (Green 26). The movement was seeking to liberate the region and deliver justice to the northern tribes. As the name â€Å"Lord† indicates, the movement was founded with claims that it had the blessings and the will of God (Briggs 42). However, its actions prove oth erwise. Since late 1980s, the Lord’s Resistance Army of Joseph Kony has been abducting children and forcing them to serve as porters and members of the rebel group. As the film â€Å"Kony 2012† suggests, the rebel group is believed to have abducted more than 60,000 children from various communities in south Sudan, northern Uganda, the Congo and Central African Republic (Atkinson, Lancaster, Cakaj and Lacaille 373). In addition, the group has been abducting a large number of female children and women to act as sex slaves for the soldiers, who are later killed after their ability to provide sexual services are exhausted (Green 31). Kony has therefore remained at large. From the background of the movement and its actions, it is clear that the United States of America and her western allies have less significant role to play in a hunt and capture of Joseph Kony. The Film â€Å"Kony 2012† has actually misguided the audience because the facts are right- African leader s have the biggest responsibility in all attempts to contain Kony and his men. For instance, the government of Uganda was successful in driving Kony out of Ugandan boundaries with little assistance from America and her allies. However, once Kony and his group were out of the country, Ugandan government did little efforts to pursuer the criminals, despite being aware of his inhuman actions (Briggs 49). Therefore, if Ugandan government was able to drive the force out of the country, why does it fail to mobilize regional leaders to cooperate and contain Kony and his men? The film has failed to focus on this issue. Secondly, by attacking the United States in the Kony 2012, the film makes have misled the viewers and the public in general because they have attempted to make the world believe that the rebellion is a world affair, just like international terrorism, which American must mobilize its forces to contain. In fact, this is a false opinion made by Invisible Children because recent statistics indicate that the number of children under Kony’s slave force is less than 10,000, with some critics indicating that the 60,000 children believed to have been abducted accounts for all the children the force has been using for nearly 30 years of its existence. In addition, rough statistics given by people who escape from Kony’s forces have shown that the Lord’s Resistance Army has been reduced from a military organization to a mere group of criminals seeking to survive by attacking villages for food and clothing (Briggs 47).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Kony 2012 Controversy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, it has reduced in numbers and influence in the region, which means that the large number of children the film ‘Kony 2012’ attempts to indicate could be false. Moreover, these statistics indicate that African regimes in the affected nations are r eluctant to wipe out such a small rebellion, probably because they do not care the plight of the innocent lives hunted, mistreated and killed by Kony and his group. Thirdly, it is worth noting that the film does not take into consideration the groups that have been involved in the Kony-led rebellion over the years. There is evidence that minerals in the eastern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo have been one of the major causes of the survival of Kony and his rebel group in the region. There is some evidence that Kony has been targeting and controlling some significant volume of trade in gold, diamond and other minerals in the region, which has been providing the group with economic support to survive in the bushes (Briggs 72). It is believed that Kony has been selling these minerals to various groups of corrupt individuals, some of them being government and political officials in some countries like Uganda, Congo, Sudan and Central African Republic (Briggs 66). In excha nge, Kony gets ammunition, clothing and other supplies to keep his men going. Evidence has shown that were it not for this illegal and dirt trade, Kony and his men would not have survived the harsh conditions of the forests (Atkinson, Lancaster, Cakaj and Lacaille 374). In addition, the possible connections between Kony’s group and the corrupt officials in regional government explain why it has been difficult for the affected nations to mobilize a strong force to capture Joseph Kony and his rebel group. It is possible that some government officials who benefit from Kony’s dirty minerals have been derailing and delaying any efforts to mobilize governments to send troops in pursuit of the fugitives (Green 73). Nevertheless, the film has done a little to address these issues or to make the viewers get the facts right, but rather focused on attacking the political leadership in the United States as if the Kony rebellion is championed by the US. It is also important to refe r to the wider scale of the rebellion in the central African region. While it is quite true to argue that the rebellion and atrocities caused by Kony is an African welfare, there are some evidences that some nations in the eastern block have been benefiting from Kony’s rule in the jungle. For instance, there are some claims that Kony and his group have been dealing with ivory and other game products, most of which are exported to China and Thailand (Atkinson, Lancaster, Cakaj and Lacaille 375). The claims could be true because Kony and his men have always resided in the jungle, where their main source of food is the wild animals. Elephants and rhinos are plenty in the region, and some claims have shown that they have been exporting some significant volumes of tusks and ivory to China, Thailand and other nations though their allies in the political class in the surroundings nations. In fact, the role of China on the wide scale of the rebellion is doubtable.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There have been other claims that Kony obtains ammunition from these nations through his allies in Kampala, Kinshasa and perhaps Nairobi (Atkinson, Lancaster, Cakaj and Lacaille 376). Despite these claims having been a part of the Kony controversy over the last 30 years, the film â€Å"Kony 2012† made little efforts, if any, to describe the large-scale aspects of the film. It does not attack the inability of the regional governments to cooperate in eliminating the atrocities caused by Kony’s group. It also does not focus on the international involvement of other parties such as Chinese ivory traders in east Africa and their roles in the rebellion (Atkinson, Lancaster, Cakaj and Lacaille 376). Instead, it attempts to accuse the united states of failing to act, despite the fact that there are several other parties involved in the rebellion. Finally, it is worth noting that the film ‘Kony 2012’ does not seem to note the fact that the international and regiona l community have also failed to act. First, Uganda is a part of the well-organized regional organizations such as the east African community and the African Union. Secondly, the African Union, a large organization with more then 50 member states, has done a little to contain such a small rebellion for nearly 30 years (Atkinson, Lancaster, Cakaj and Lacaille 376). Yet, the African union has been successful in other regions such as its recent involvement in establishing a legitimate government in Somalia and marinating peace in that country, which has been under extreme for more than 20 years. The film does not consider such issues and facts. Critics have further argued that the intention of making the film is questionable because it appears that Invisible Children Inc was more interested in getting funds from the well wishers by attacking the political leadership in the united states rather then digging for the facts. Some critics have argued that by attacking the United States, the Invisible Children was expecting to get more media attention than it could have if it focused on criticizing regimes in east and central Africa. In addition, critics have argued that by attacking the United States, Invisible Children Inc was placing itself at a better position to increase its funding. Conclusion From this review, it is worth noting that the Invisible Children has purposely criticized the political leadership in America rather then attacking the actual parties relevant to the Kony controversy. First, it is clear that the Ugandan government is the initial party that should have made the most significant efforts to contain Kony. Secondly, regional governments as well as the African Union ought to have made remarkable initiatives before involving the international community. Works Cited Atkinson, Ronald, Philip Lancaster, Ledio Cakaj and Guilaume Lacaille. â€Å"Do no harm: Assessing a military approach to the Lord’s Resistance Army†. Journal of Eastern Af rican Studies, 6.2 (2012): 371-382. Print. Briggs, Jimmie.The Innocents Lost: When Child soldiers Go to War. London, Basic Books, 2005. Print. Curtis, Polly and Tom McCarthy. â€Å"Kony 2012: what’s the real story?† The Guardian, March 8. 2012, Web. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/reality-check-with-polly-curtis/2012/mar/08/kony-2012-what-s-the-story Green, Matthew. The Wizard of the Nile: The Hunt for Africa’s Most Wanted. New York: Portobello Books, 2008. Print. Pallota, Dan. The Kony 2012 controversy†. Harvard business review. March 13. 2013, Web. https://hbr.org/2012/03/the-kony-2012-controversy.html This essay on The Kony 2012 Controversy was written and submitted by user Paige Key to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Genetic engeneering2 essays

Genetic engeneering2 essays Genetic engineering has some history of good and bad. In 1989as a result of the food supplement Typtophan, 37 people died, 1500 were permanently disabled, and 5000 were very ill as result of high toxin levels in the food. No one knows the future side effects. Such as in August 19994, corn crops grew three inches tall and then suddenly fell over dead, because past crops drained the soil of most nutrients. Genetics have some new applications. They have newer and better-enhanced cells to be bigger and to produce more. For example soybean companies, they try to get a cell of all or mostly protein. It didnt work to well many people had an allergic reactions. Now scientists are looking and trying to make bigger and better plants. Scientists are also looking for a way to make plants grow twice or three times as big and produce more. That will let them get more crops out of one area of land. Scientists are out to educate people about engineering in plants. To let them know what they are eating. So they dont eat something that a major problem, and most of the public agree to be produced. Since scientists dont know about the long-term effects, because no long-term tests have been able to conducted. There are some negatives that come with everything but genetic engineering on plants has some pretty good ones. People have unknown reactions to some foods that have been altered. Our public health agencies are powerless to trace problems of any kind, back to the source, because there are no labels. There are unexpected and unknown side effects yet to be discovered. Genetic engineering also has its good side. We can produce three times as many crops in one field at one time. That will make our plants three times the size. It will also make the food we produce three times as much. This will help people buy making food in good supply year round, and making it c ...

The Legend of St. Patrick, the Patron Saint of Ireland

The Legend of St. Patrick, the Patron Saint of Ireland Patricks father, Calpornius, held both civic and clerical offices when Patrick was born to him in the late fourth century (c. A.D. 390). Although the family lived in the village of Bannavem Taberniaei, in Roman Britain, Patrick would one day become the most successful Christian missionary in Ireland, its patron saint, and the subject of legends. The Story of St. Patrick Patricks first encounter with the land to which he would devote his life was an unpleasant one. He was kidnapped at age 16, sent to Ireland (around County Mayo), and sold into slavery. While Patrick worked there as a shepherd, he developed a deep faith in God. One night, during his sleep, he was sent a vision of how to escape. So much he tells us in his autobiographical Confession. Unlike the work of the same name by the theologian, Augustine, Patricks Confession​ is short, with few statements of religious doctrine. In it, Patrick describes his British youth and his conversion, for although he was born to Christian parents, he did not consider himself Christian before his captivity. Another purpose of the document was to defend himself to the very church that had sent him to Ireland to convert his former captors. Years before Patrick wrote his Confession,​ he wrote an angry Letter to Coroticus, the British King of Alcluid (later called Strathclyde), in which he condemns him and his soldiers as compatriots of the demons because they had captured and slaughtered many of the Irish people Bishop Patrick had just baptized. Those they didnt kill would be sold to heathen Picts and Scots. Although personal, emotional, religious, and biographical, these two pieces and Gildas Bandonicus Concerning the Ruin of Britain (De Excidio Britanniae) provide the main historical sources for fifth-century Britain. Upon Patricks escape from his approximately six years of slavery, he went back to Britain, and then to Gaul where he studied under St. Germain, bishop of Auxerre, for 12 years before returning again to Britain. There he felt a calling to return as a missionary to Ireland. He stayed in Ireland for another 30 years, converting, baptizing, and setting up monasteries. Various legends have grown up concerning St. Patrick, the most popular of the Irish saints. St. Patrick was not well-educated, a fact he attributes to early captivity. Due to this, it was with some reluctance that he was sent as a missionary to Ireland, and only after the first missionary, Palladius, had died. Perhaps its because of his informal schooling in the meadows with his sheep that he came up with the clever analogy between the three leaves of the shamrock and the Holy Trinity. At any rate, this lesson is one explanation for why St. Patrick is associated with a shamrock. St. Patrick is also credited with driving the snakes out of Ireland. There were probably no snakes in Ireland for him to drive out, and it is very likely that the story was meant to be symbolic. Since he converted the heathen, the snakes are thought to stand for the pagan beliefs or evil. Where he was buried is a mystery. Among other places, a chapel to St. Patrick at Glastonbury claims he was interred there. A shrine in County Down, Ireland, claims to possess a jawbone of the saint which is requested for childbirth, epileptic fits, and to avert the evil eye. While we dont know exactly when he was born or died, this Roman British saint is honored by the Irish, especially in the United States, on March 17 with parades, green beer, cabbage, corned beef, and general revelry. While there is a parade in Dublin as the culmination of a week of festivities, Irish celebrations on St. Patricks Day itself are predominantly religious. Sources Sub-Roman Britain: An IntroductionGildas: from Concerning the Ruin of Britain (De Excidio Britanniae)From Medieval Sourcebook, chapters 23-26 of Gildas work on the fall of Britain.Ecole Glossary entry on Gildas the Wise

Office Art Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Office Art Memo - Assignment Example The paper "Office Art Memo" focuses on the six pieces of art. Impressionists interplay of lights and shadows form an important premise of these paintings. Another characteristic is its unfinished smudged brushstrokes compared to following lines and contours in traditional painting. Included among the foremost of these painters are Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Paul Cezanne, Edgar Degas, Berthe Morisot and Andrew Sisely. The first painting I have chosen from the 19th century Impressionist Era is a replica of Camille Pissarro’s ‘The Garden of Pontoise’. It is oil on canvas. This painting I feel is very true to life, as all of Pissarro’s work was, and shows a young woman being entertained by a small child as she sits in the shade of her umbrella on a bench in a garden. Nothing could be a more simple expression of the glory of nature as a mother enjoying the antics of her child. The bond between mother and child, the pride and the glory of motherhood and nurturing is embodied in this work, but so elegantly set in the backdrop of this colorful garden that no one could help looking at it. The bright hues and colors of the early evening are evident here. The glory of the colorful garden in bloom takes one away from the business of life and helps one appreciate the value of leisure. No wonder Pissarro is regarded as among the founding fathers of Impressionism. The second piece of Impressionist painting I have selected is a replica of the Portrait of Charles and Georges Durand-Ruel., which the artist Pierre Auguste Renoir painted in 1882. In the portrait painting, both father and son are seated on a garden bench with greenery in the backdrop. The features of both are unmistakably alike, and the father is dressed more elegantly in an open three piece suit, with his left arm around his son. The son Georges is attired in a purple closed suit, and is also shown sporting a cigarette in his left hand. The father does not see m appalled at this circumstance and it shows his open-mindedness and confidence in his son. I am hoping here that the selection of this painting will signify

To what extent are the different economic reform outcomes in China and Essay

To what extent are the different economic reform outcomes in China and Russia (or plus Eastern Europe) due to the pace of reform - Essay Example Thus, with the help of liberal policies, these economies significantly progressed and grown to match up the growth of the western developed nations. The reform in China had taken place in 1978 but in Russia it took place in 1991. This essay tries to enumerate the contrasting reforming strategies undertaken in Russia and China. The essay will also elaborate the economic outcomes of the reforms. The reforms of China and Russia were both considered to be Communist reforms but the outcomes of the reforms were different in the two countries. After the demise of communism, the reforms of Russia took place at a relatively faster rate. However, in China, the free market oriented reforms took place gradually over years (Eich, Gust and Soto, 2012, p.5-8). The communist government of China has tackled these reforms over years. Thus, it is highly rational to analyze the causes and outcomes of the different pace based reforms in the two countries (Hanson and Teague, 2013, p.3-4). The centrally framed Five-Year plan model of China (1953-1957) was gradually abandoned in 1978, when the country transformed itself into a free market economy. The reforms were undertaken by the Chinese Communist Party for improving the competency of the Chinese economy in terms of a fourfold modernization path. The head of the Communist Party, Premier Zhou Enlai, had claimed that the reforms had aimed to improve the agricultural, industrial, service and technology sectors of the country (Eich, Gust and Soto, 2012, p.9). The first reform in China took place from 1966 to 1976, it was known as the Cultural Revolution. The reform was undertaken for improving the social status of the people of China. Ruthless political power and control imposed on the Chinese individuals were removed through this reform. The second phase of reform took place in 1970, when the officials of the central planning system complained about the inefficiency and weakness of the system (Joshua,

Synthesis of Substituted Quinazolinones

Synthesis of Substituted Quinazolinones 6. DISCUSSION Heterocyclic compounds, widely distributed in nature are very essential to life. They play a vital role in the metabolism of all living cells. With their high degree of structural diversities and broad spectrum activities, they have proven to be one of the most economically useful chemotherapeutic agents. Synthesis of novel heterocyclic compounds with more potent activities, better efficacy and lower toxicity is the need of the day to the modern synthetic and medicinal chemists. In the present work, a total of 90 newer therapeutic compounds with heterocyclic rings like quinazolinonyl isoxazole and thiocarbamoyl pyrazolines were synthesized by conventional heating. In the 1st step, a total of 18 substituted quinazolinones were synthesized followed by 18 substituted acetylated quinazolinones in the 2nd step by acetylation of 1st step compounds. Treatment of various substituted acetylated quinazolinones with benzaldehyde lead to 18 substituted quinazolinonyl chalcones respectively. Further, when the chalcones were treated with thiosemicarbazide and NH2OH.HCl lead to synthesis of a total of 36 compounds with complex quinazolinonyl thiocarbamoyl pyrazolines and quinazolinonyl isoxazoles. All the above synthesized compounds were structurally confirmed by the IR, 1HNMR and mass spectral analysis. After structural confirmation by physical and spectral characterizations, they were evaluated for pharmacological activities like antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. 6.1 Structural characterization of synthesized compounds Reaction of anthranilic acid and its derivatives bromo, iodo anthranilic acids with aromatic amines (aniline, p-chloro aniline, p-bromo aniline, m-chloro aniline, p-fluoro aniline and p-methyl aniline) and carbon disulfide in the presence of potassium hydroxide in methanol under reflux for 3hr afforded the corresponding 3-(un)substituted phenyl-6-(un)substituted-2-thioxo-4(3H)-quinazolinones 1a-r. Absorption bands in the range 3210-3445 cm-1 and 1505-1590 cm-1 in the IR spectrum of the synthesized compounds (1a-r) indicated the presence of N-H and a thioureide group (N-C=S) in the thioxoquinazolinone system. Strong absorption band in the range of 1600-1690 cm-1 and a medium band at 1100-1290 cm-1 were also observed due to C=O stretching and C=S stretching respectively [66]. The absence of any band in the region 2600-2550 cm-1 (characteristic of a thiol group) indicated that the compound exists in the solid state in the thione form. The 1HNMR spectrum of 2-thioxo-quinazolin-4(3H)-one in DMSO-d6 showed a singlet of 1H intensity at ÃŽ ´13 ppm for the proton attached to the nitrogen at position 1, and a complex multiplet of 14 protons between ÃŽ ´ 6.0-8.8 ppm. All the above results correlate and confirm the formation of thioxoquinazolinone ring system in respective compounds 1 a-r. When compounds 1 a-r treated with acetic anhydride, N-acetylation was took place and acetyl group was introduced at 1st position of the thioxo quinazolinone nucleus and gave compounds 2 a-r. Acetylation was confirmed by the appearance of peak at ÃŽ ´ 1.72 ppm and disappearance of a peak corresponding to NH in between ÃŽ ´ 9.7 ppm to ÃŽ ´ 13.0 ppm due to the protons of acetyl group. Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 2 a-r with benzaldehyde in alcoholic alkali gave corresponding quinazolinonyl chalcones 3 a-r. IR spectrum of the quinazolinonyl chalcones showed a peak at 1670 cm-1 characteristic of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢-unsaturated keto functional group [255] of chalcones. Appearance of doublets in the range of ÃŽ ´ 6.7-6.9 ppm and ÃŽ ´ 7.44-7.56 ppm, disappearance of singlet corresponds to 3 protons of the N- acetyl group confirmed the 2-propen-1-one moiety of the titled compounds 3 a-r. 5-Phenyl-3-[3’-(un) substituted phenyl-6’-(un) substituted-2’-thioxo-4’ (3’H)-quinazolinon-1’-yl]-1-thiocarbamoyl-2-pyrazolines 4 a-r were prepared by refluxing quinazolinonyl chalcones with thiosemicarbazide in the presence of sodium hydroxide. Disappears of peck corresponds to ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ²-unsaturated keto functional group of chalcones at 1670 cm-1 and appearance of pecks at 709.92 cm-1, 1067.42 cm-1, 1386.89 cm-1,1517 cm-1 and 3239.62 cm-1 confirmed the thiocarbamoyl-2-pyrazoline nucleus. Appearance of singlet at ÃŽ ´ 8.46 ppm indicated the two protons of thiocarbamoyl group (NH2-C=S) at 1st position of 1-thiocarbamoyl-2-pyrazoline ring [256]. Cycloaddition of chalcones with hydroxyl amine hydrochloride (NH2OH.HCl) gave isoxazoles 5 a-r. Absence of C=O band and appearance of new bands in the range of 1210-1270 cm-1, 1560-1610 cm-1 in the IR spectrum of all the compounds indicated -C-O-N- and C=N of isoxazole ring respectively [257, 258]. Appearance of a peek in the range of ÃŽ ´ 5.9-6.9 ppm in 1HNMR spectrum correlates with IR spectrum data and confirms the formation of isoxazole ring in the respective compounds. 6.2 Biological activities 6.2.1 Antibacterial activity All the titled compounds (1 a-r, 2 a-r, 3 a-r, 4 a-r and 5 a-r) were evaluated for antibacterial activity. The results were given in Table 5.29, 5.30, 5.31, 5.32 and 5.33. In all compounds basic skeleton and the electron withdrawing halogens played a key role in pharmacological activities. Compounds with electron withdrawing F, Br, Cl groups at para position of phenyl ring and electron releasing CH3 group at para position of the phenyl ring displayed maximum activity against Bacillus subtilis 6.2.2 Antifungal activity All the titled compounds (1 a-r, 2 a-r, 3 a-r, 4 a-r and 5 a-r) were evaluated for antifungal activity. The results were given in Table 5.34, 5.35, 5.36, 5.37 and 5.38. In all compounds basic skeleton and the electron withdrawing halogens played a key role in pharmacological activities. Compounds with electron withdrawing F, Br, Cl groups at para position of phenyl ring and electron releasing CH3 group at para position of the phenyl ring displayed maximum activity against Candida species. 6.2.3 Anthelmintic activity All the titled compounds (1 a-r, 2 a-r, 3 a-r, 4 a-r and 5 a-r) were evaluated for anthelmintic activity. The results were given in fig 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5. In all compounds basic skeleton and the electron withdrawing halogens played a key role in pharmacological activities. Compounds with electron withdrawing F, Br, Cl groups at para position of phenyl ring and electron releasing CH3 group at para position of the phenyl ring displayed maximum activity against Perithima posthuma. 6.2.4 Analgesic activity All the titled compounds (1 a-r, 2 a-r, 3 a-r, 4 a-r and 5 a-r) were evaluated for analgesic activity. The results were given in fig 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9 and 5.10. In all compounds basic skeleton and the electron withdrawing halogens played a key role in pharmacological activities. Compounds with electron withdrawing F, Br, Cl groups at para position of phenyl ring and electron releasing CH3 group at para position of the phenyl ring displayed potent analgesic activity. 6.2.5 Anti-inflammatory activity All the titled compounds (1 a-r, 2 a-r, 3 a-r, 4 a-r and 5 a-r) were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. The results were given in fig 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14 and 5.15. In all compounds basic skeleton and the electron withdrawing halogens played a key role in pharmacological activities. Compounds with electron withdrawing F, Br, Cl groups at para position of phenyl ring and electron releasing CH3 group at para position of the phenyl ring displayed maximum anti inflammatory activity.

Finlands Education System Essay

â€Å"The Finland Phenomenon† a name given to Finland’s admired education system. It is listed as the most surprising school system in the world. Its success is intently watched by other countries. The assigned video â€Å"Finland’s Education Success† was documented by Tom Burridge of BBC World News America on April 6, 2010. Week four Reading Journal for English 101 was a writing assignment asking students if the system could be implemented in the United States. â€Å"Finland’s schools score consistently at the top of the world rankings yet the pupils have the fewest number of class hours in the developed world. The proof is in the results and Finland has an education system other countries should learn from and envy. The transformation of Finland’s education system began 40 years ago as a key component to an economic recovery plan. The educators had no idea it was so successful until the year 2000, when a standardized test was given to fifteen years old students. The results revealed the scores. The Finnish youth came out on top as the best readers in the world. Three years later the youth led the scores in math as well. â€Å"By 2006 Finland was first out of 57 countries. The Finnish answer to standardized testing has been to only give exams to small groups of students and to trust in teachers. In 1991 the National Board of Education closed its inspectorate. â€Å"Teachers in Finland design their own courses using a national curriculum as a guide and spend about eighty percent as much time leading classes as their U. S. counterparts do. † Finnish teachers have sufficient opportunity to plan lessons and collaborate with colleagues. â€Å"Teachers in Finland spend fewer hours at school and less time in the classroom than American teachers. In 1979 reformers decided that every teacher in Finland earn a fifth-year master’s degree in theory and practice at one of the eight state universities. From that time forward teachers were granted equal status with doctors and lawyers. Teaching programs were flooded with applicants not because the salaries were that high, but because respect made the job so attractive. Pasi Sahlberg a former physics teacher points out â€Å"We prepare children to learn how to learn and not how to take a test†. All children- clever or less so- were to be taught in the same classrooms, with lots of special teacher help available to make sure no child would be left behind. † Compulsory school in Finland doesn’t begin until children reach the age of seven. â€Å"Children learn better when they are ready. Why stress them out? † Finnish culture values childhood independence children get themselves to school by either walking or biking. Upon arrival at school, children remove their shoes to maintain a relaxed atmosphere. Finnish children spend far more time playing outside even in the depth of winter. The children can’t learn if they don’t play. The children must play† The Finnish children are provided with seventy-five minutes of recess a day compared to the average of twenty-seven for U. S children. Finnish schools don’t assign homework because it is assumed the task is mastered in the classroom. Children are also mandated to take lots of arts and crafts and learning by doing. This is a far cry from the U. S concentration on testing in reading and math since the enactment of No Child Left Behind in 2002. The focus in Finland is on the individual child. If a child is falling behind, the highly trained staff recognizes and addresses the issues to meet the child’s needs. Nearly thirty percent of the children in Finland receive some kind of special help during their first nine years in school. The true focus on education is â€Å"equal opportunity for all. † Finnish educators have a hard time understanding the United States’ fascination with standardized tests. â€Å"Americans like all these bars and graphs and colored charts. † ‘It’s nonsense. We know far more about the children than these tests can tell us. Finland has a culture of collaboration between schools, not competition. All schools perform at the same level and there is no status in attending a particular facility. Finland has no private schools and all Finland’s schools are publicly funded. It is surprising to know that Finland spends about thirty percent less per student to achieve their far superior educational outcomes. The people in the government agencies running the schools from the national officials to the local officials are educators, not business people, military leaders or career politicians. The United States has muddled along in the middle of the pack for the past decade. Government officials have attempted to introduce competition into public schools. President Obama’s Race to the Top initiative invites states to compete for federal dollars using tests and other methods to measure teachers, a philosophy that goes against everything the Finnish schools stand for. â€Å"If you only measure the statistics, you miss the human aspect. † Fortunately United States Federal policies continue to move away from the rigid certainties of the No Child Left Behind legislation. The law has set an unrealistic target for one hundred percent student proficiency in every school by 2014. I couldn’t agree more with the Finland approach to education. In order for the United States to come close to Finland’s success a major change would need to occur. A change I believe would take decades to complete. â€Å"The Finns have made it clear, that in any country, no matter its size or composition, there is much wisdom to minimizing testing and instead investing in broader curricula, smaller classes, and better training, pay and treatment of teachers. The United States should take heed. †